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40k Years Ago, Neanderthals Used Poplar Bark (Aspirin-Like) And Maybe Penicillin To Treat Pain/Infection. DNA From Dental Tartar Showed Varied Diets—Meat-Heavy In Belgium, Plant-Based In Spain—Disproving They Were Purely Carnivorous Myth. DNA Also Revealed The Oldest Gum Disease Bacteria. Their Behavior Was More Advanced Than Once Thought.

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-39205530

Neanderthals dosed themselves with painkillers and possibly penicillin, according to a study of their teeth.